Arabic Sources

  1. Holes, Clive 2006. The Arabic Dialects of Arabia. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 36. [Link – https://www-jstor-org.csi.ezproxy.cuny.edu/stable/41223878?searchText=dialects+of+arabic&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Ddialects%2Bof%2Barabic%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A768dfceaca7215b4b6c60fc1fd501da5&seq=5 ] 
  2. Miller, Ann 1986. “The Origin of the Modern Arabic Sedentary Dialects: An Evaluation of Several Theories.” Al-’Arabiyya, vol. 19, no. ½. [Link – https://www-jstor-org.csi.ezproxy.cuny.edu/stable/43194061?searchText=sedentary+arabic&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dsedentary%2Barabic%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Af6a593d035e0693c9666003d96396aaa&seq=2 ]
  3.  Rosenhouse, Judith 2011. Trends of development in Arabic dialectology in the 20th century: A survey eitschrift Für Arabische Linguistik, no. 54, 2011, pp. 42–66. [ Link https://www-jstor-org.csi.ezproxy.cuny.edu/stable/10.13173/zeitarabling.54.0042?searchText=origin+of+arabic&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dorigin%2Bof%2Barabic%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A6b79a65642d0263477021dc8c6c27f0b&seq=5 ] 
  4. Guellil, Imen, Hichem Saâdane, Farid Azouaou, Brahim Gueni & David Nouvel. 2021. Arabic natural language processing: An overview. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 33(5). 497–507. [Link https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.02.006] 
  5. Mannaa, Ziyad M., Aqil M. Azmi & Harbi A. Aboalsamh. 2022. Computer-assisted i‘raab of Arabic sentences for teaching grammar to students. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34(10). 8909–8926. [Link https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.08.020.] 
  6. Worlddata.info. 2024. Arabic – worldwide distribution. Worlddata.info. September. [Link https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php.]  
  7. University of London. 2015. The morphology of the Arabic dialect of Tunis. UCL Discovery. [Link https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1349805/ ]
  8. Wikimedia Foundation. Tunisian Arabic. Wikipedia. [Link- https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49266655/Tunisian_Arabic_stamped-libre.pdf?1475330180=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTunisian_Arabic.pdf&Expires=1730325907&Signature=flqYFvgxuN9UVpkKvpW1qZUf-N7m1v2WRZqsWk15N7ojZp5MW3UC6FjZfj5fLVH7lxltFtEtFWAkhGTpZE53F~z2aLpIhmEUuoLy~12T8NX50quMEc1kjrizqSEpARTRXT4Ft1ocNMxJhNMvQee-UsYYIHAhnlv1Kjsl4zJUWpZKU08XHJiKi72j41NxSv1lQ1u4vbpa~gSFaUJt5zoVtjm2sHsq-SgMa2JT~ntt7FXdsTfuHjZ6kBBaXHqkC5duel8yfLWQuf2shDhJo4Fh3WcduWvQ1RFqHwSJW-O0sOGsSSCdidfNBo4PZbw~c8WltkKjKzXX1rwk5oicHy007A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA]
  9.  Hall, Jennifer Lee. 2015. Debating Darija: Language ideology and the written representation of Moroccan Arabic in Morocco. PhD dissertation, University of Michigan. [Link- https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/111375/jennylh_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.]
  10. Cambridge Dictionary. Diminutives: -let, -y, and mini. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/diminutives-let-y-and-mini
  11. BYJU’S. Question tags. https://byjus.com/english/question-tags/#:~:text=The%20Collins%20Dictionary%20definition%20of,’%20are%20a%20question%20tag.%E2%80%9D.
  12. Hopkins, Simon. 1995. Ṣarār ‘pebbles’ — A Canaanite substrate word in Palestinian Arabic. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik 30. 37–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43525653.
  13. Jabbari, Mohammad Jafar. 2013. Levantine Arabic: A surface register contrastive study. Studies in Literature and Language 6(1). 110–116. http://flr-journal.org/index.php/sll/article/view/j.sll.1923156320130601.2426.
  14. Pat-El, Naʾama, & Phillip W. Stokes. 2022. The ‘Aramaic substrate’ hypothesis in the Levant revisited. Journal of Semitic Studies 67(2). 563–606. https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgac002.
  15. Qarni, Mansour Dhafer Abdullah Al, et al. 2023. The problematic of Arabic emphatic and guttural segmental sounds among Malay students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 13(5). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i5/16866.
  16. Wikipedia contributors. 2024. Baalbek. Wikipedia. 10 December 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek.
  17. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024. Dome of the Rock: History, architecture, and significance. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 December 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dome-of-the-Rock.
  18. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024. Levant: Meaning, countries, map, and facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 December 2024. https://www.britannica.com/place/Levant.
Images Sources

https://www.verbling.com/articles/post/the-history-of-arabic-language  

Men

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=09b4afaa78b17b58&hl=en&gl=US&q=Arabic+Traditional+Clothing+Accessories&udm=2&fbs=AEQNm0Aa4sjWe7Rqy32pFwRj0UkWd8nbOJfsBGGB5IQQO6L3J03RPjGV0MznOJ6Likin94qgEKgZsTg4PX84JG3F-btD4SmZcL8gCCOlA-myFrka-AG4EEDVLTb-_bvmBbIlDxYg4KyfOjRa_sJFWslC0RqC-lcvwWIrleaTs6QhEVms8D_EFKRRSsy5MyhPbRajPz5RrIbQX1GLzCUG0-1Drw8fag0M5w&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiw-tqWx6qKAxWZkokEHZ3EGm4QtKgLegQIERAB&biw=1080&bih=707&dpr=2

https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&hl=en-us&sca_esv=14326ad52f25564e&cs=0&q=style+arabic+traditional+vestiment&uds=ADvngMjcH0KdF7qGWtwTBrP0nt7dMz03oF9zsZKZk1sToh6qN_cBlvAJ2gKJGAORbyZb0kE_R1WOJkPjXrQmFizy28lFFzFWYyrZ_N36arPwslC_IM9nmPQ8wv2qn4RyAWLQleEVdSYG8P1xT0Eo0qCWK7aqlTxQZeTPqJftRTywh0UXroHcbI9ah9xV4YrTPRR6swgfoygY&udm=2&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_p8iQwqqKAxV-lIkEHShXLbUQxKsJegQICBAB&ictx=0&biw=1128&bih=738&dpr=2#vhid=tAv_al79whjWhM&vssid=mosaic

Women 

https://www.google.com/search?q=style+arabic+traditional+hijab+for+woman&client=safari&hl=en-us&sca_esv=14326ad52f25564e&cs=0&udm=2&biw=1128&bih=738&ei=hi9fZ9XdHvb-ptQP1NqXgAo&ved=0ahUKEwjVuLjXwqqKAxV2v4kEHVTtBaAQ4dUDCBE&uact=5&oq=style+arabic+traditional+hijab+for+woman&gs_lp=EgNpbWciKHN0eWxlIGFyYWJpYyB0cmFkaXRpb25hbCBoaWphYiBmb3Igd29tYW5IotMCULXIAViRzwJwAXgAkAEAmAFZoAHaCaoBAjI0uAEDyAEA-AEBmAIBoAI3wgIGEAAYCBgemAMAiAYBkgcBMaAHpAk&sclient=img#vhid=u-VtUGRd8chCIM&vssid=mosaic

Tunisian pictures ( Nerdine pic)

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/man-wearing-traditional-tunisian-hat.html?pseudoid=869709EF7474434AA709AFCCAE7F46C5&sortBy=relevant

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/man-wearing-traditional-tunisian-hat.html?pseudoid=87B3562EF7EA48E3A62857458B467D72&sortBy=relevant

Food 

Lebanese

https://www.google.com/search?q=lebanese+food&client=safari&hl=en-us&sca_esv=14326ad52f25564e&udm=2&cs=0&biw=1128&bih=1491&ei=pRVeZ-moEsrv5NoP5JiOuQw&oq=lebanese+food&gs_lp=EgNpbWciDWxlYmFuZXNlIGZvb2QqAggAMggQABiABBixAzIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABDIFEAAYgAQyBRAAGIAEMgUQABiABEjFrQFQ-wtYxH5wBXgAkAEAmAHKAaABow2qAQYzNS4wLjG4AQHIAQD4AQH4AQKYAiWgAs4OqAIAwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICBBAAGB7CAgYQABgIGB7CAg4QABiABBixAxiDARiKBcICCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBwgIEEAAYA8ICDRAAGIAEGLEDGEMYigWYAwGIBgGSBwYzNi4wLjGgB_XGAQ&sclient=img

Moroccan

https://www.google.com/search?q=moroccan+food&client=safari&hl=en-us&sca_esv=14326ad52f25564e&udm=2&cs=0&biw=1128&bih=1491&ei=vRVeZ-iHNcmk5NoP_pnZ2Qc&oq=moro+food&gs_lp=EgNpbWciCW1vcm8gZm9vZCoCCAAyBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHkjJaFDSOFiIU3ABeACQAQCYAUegAcIEqgECMTK4AQHIAQD4AQGYAg2gAoAFwgINEAAYgAQYsQMYQxiKBcICBRAAGIAEwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICEBAAGIAEGLEDGEMYgwEYigXCAggQABiABBixA5gDAIgGAZIHAjEzoAeUSg&sclient=img

Tunisian 

https://www.google.com/search?q=tunisian+food&client=safari&hl=en-us&sca_esv=14326ad52f25564e&udm=2&cs=0&biw=583&bih=771&ei=_hVeZ6iPI9al5NoP_MHp6A4&oq=tunis+food&gs_lp=EgNpbWciCnR1bmlzIGZvb2QqAggAMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgUQABiABDIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHjIGEAAYBxgeMgYQABgHGB4yBhAAGAcYHkjmUVCmHFigQnABeACQAQCYAUSgAdQEqgECMTO4AQHIAQD4AQGYAg6gAqMFwgINEAAYgAQYsQMYQxiKBcICChAAGIAEGEMYigXCAhAQABiABBixAxhDGIMBGIoFwgIIEAAYgAQYsQOYAwCIBgGSBwIxNKAH_k4&sclient=img

Palestine 

https://www.google.com/search?q=traditional+national+dish+of+palestine&sca_esv=0c3a6d1f3aa5848b&hl=en&gl=US&udm=2&biw=1128&bih=738&ei=rUZeZ-LMLuagptQPpPjO0QU&oq=%C2%A0palestine+traditional+dish&gs_lp=EgNpbWciHMKgcGFsZXN0aW5lIHRyYWRpdGlvbmFsIGRpc2gqAggBMgUQABiABDIGEAAYCBgeSPD7AVC7Tljn0gFwAngAkAEAmAE9oAH2CqoBAjM0uAEByAEA-AEBmAIBoAJJmAMAiAYBkgcBMaAHjA0&sclient=img

Flags 

 Lebanon 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon

Palestine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine

Tunisia 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Tunisia

Morocco

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco

Maps

https://www.verbling.com/articles/post/the-history-of-arabic-language